University of Manchester and National Physical Laboratory scientists have established a global benchmark for verifying graphene’s single-atom thickness.
The benchmark was established using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The work is reported in the journal 2D Materials.
Graphene has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including electric vehicles and smartphones, but only where its quality can be assured. The University of Manchester has spearheaded the largest global study aimed at establishing a new international standard for assessing the single-atom thickness of graphene.
The research team has created a dependable methodology that will serve as the foundation for future industrial benchmarks. The study supports the development of a new ISO technical specification for graphene.
To incorporate graphene and other 2D materials into industrial applications, from light-weight vehicles to sports equipment, touch screens, sensors, and electronics, you need to know you’re working with the right material. This study sets a global benchmark that industry can trust.
Dr. William Thornley, The University of Manchester
“Electron diffraction has long been used to distinguish monolayer from few-layer graphene, but it’s often applied without a full treatment of uncertainties. By collaborating across 15 leading labs. including the original pioneers, we’ve mapped the pitfalls and shown how to get reliable results,” added Dr. Evan Tillotson.
We’ve designed this protocol so it works in real labs, not just in specialist centers. And for organizations without TEM capability, we can provide measurements commercially through our partnership with the Royce Institute.
Sarah Haigh, Professor, Materials, The University of Manchester
The results are directly incorporated into the ISO/TS 21356-2 international standard, which is currently in press and anticipated to be published in 2026.
This work builds on the NPL Good Practice Guide 145 ‘Characterization of the Structure of Graphene’ developed in partnership with the University of Manchester, and one of NPL’s most downloaded guides.
Dr. Andrew Pollard, Principal Scientist and Strategy Lead, Surface Technology Group and Advanced Materials, National Physical Laboratory
Journal Reference:
Pollard, A., et al. (2025). A large interlaboratory electron diffraction study of monolayer graphene. 2D Materials. DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ae2ca1.